Policy separation

ABSTRACT

A policy decision point for interacting with a computer system including a plurality of resources, to which subjects&#39; access is controlled by corresponding policy enforcement points. The PDP includes: a memory storing at least two policy packages, each controlling access rights to resources, and a connection table associating each policy package with an end point address; a network interface operable to communicate with the PEPs, wherein the network interface obtains access requests from a PEP and returns access decisions to the PEP, each access request including an end point address for directing the access request to the PDP; and a processor operable to: analyze an access request and determine, based on the end point address receiving the access request, an associated policy package; and evaluate the access request against the policy package thus determined.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/016,667, filed on Feb. 5, 2016, which claims the benefit of EuropeanApplication No. 15154143.0, filed on Feb. 6, 2015. The entire content ofeach of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/016,667 and European ApplicationNo. 15154143.0 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention disclosed herein generally relates to the field ofautomated access control and authorization. In particular, it relates toa component for evaluating an access request against a policy, such as apolicy decision point, and a method for controlling a subject's accessto a resource.

BACKGROUND

On a high level, attribute-based access control (ABAC) may be defined asa method where a subject's requests to perform operations on resourcesare granted or denied based on assigned attributes of the subject,assigned attributes of the resource, environment conditions, and a setof one or more policies that are specified in terms of those attributesand conditions. Here, attributes are characteristics of the subject,resource, or environment conditions. Attributes contain informationgiven by a name-value pair. A subject is a human user or non-personentity, such as a device that issues access requests to performoperations on resources. Subjects are assigned one or more attributes. Aresource (or object) is a system resource for which access is managed bythe ABAC system, such as devices, files, records, tables, processes,programs, networks, or domains containing or receiving information. Itcan be the resource or requested entity, as well as anything upon whichan operation may be performed by a subject including data, applications,services, devices, and networks. An operation is the execution of afunction at the request of a subject upon a resource. Operations includeread, write, edit, delete, copy, execute and modify. Environmentconditions describe an operational or situational context in which anaccess request occurs. Environment conditions are detectableenvironmental characteristics. Environmental characteristics aregenerally independent of subject or resource, and may include thecurrent time, day of the week, current stock market index, currenttemperature, or the current threat level. Finally, a policy is therepresentation of rules or relationships that makes it possible todetermine if a requested access should be allowed, given the values ofthe attributes of the subject, resource, operation and possiblyenvironment conditions. A policy may be expressed as a logical function,which maps an access request with a set of attribute values (orreferences to attribute values) to an access decision (or an indicationthat the request has not returned a decision).

An ABAC scenario is depicted in FIG. 1. In step 1, a user (or subject)100 requests access to a resource 110 through the intermediary of anABAC mechanism 120 which selectively protects access to the resource110. The ABAC mechanism 120 forms a decision by retrieving, in step 2a-2 b-2 c-2 d, applicable rules R1, R2, R3 from a policy repository 130,subject attributes (e.g. name, affiliation, clearance) from a subjectattribute data source 140, resource attributes (e.g. type, owner,classification) from a resource attribute data source 150, andenvironment conditions expressed as environment attribute values from anenvironment attribute data source 160. If the ABAC mechanism 120 is ableto determine that the decision is to permit access, it will takeappropriate measures to grant the user 100 access to the resource 110,e.g. by selectively deactivating a hardware or software protectionmeans. Otherwise, access to the resource 110 may be denied.

There currently exist general-purpose ABAC policy languages that havethe richness to express fine-grained conditions and conditions whichdepend on external data. A first example is the Extensible AccessControl Markup Language (XACML) which is the subject of standardizationwork in a Technical Committee of the Organization for the Advancement ofStructured Information Standards (see http://www.oasis-open.org). Apolicy encoded with XACML consists of declarative (in particular,functional) expressions in attribute values, and the return value(decision) of the policy is one of Permit, Deny, Not Applicable, orIndeterminate. An XACML policy can apply to many different situations,that is, different subjects, resources, operations and environments andmay give different results for them. The XACML specification defines howsuch a request is evaluated against the policy, particularly what policyattributes are to be evaluated or, at least, which values are requiredto exist for a successful evaluation to result. A key characteristic ofthis evaluation process is that the request must describe the attemptedaccess to a protected resource fully by containing informationsufficient for all necessary attribute values to be retrieved. Inpractice, it may be that the request is interpreted in multiple stagesby different components, so that a PEP (Policy Enforcement Point)issuing the requests provides only some attribute values initially, anda PDP (Policy Decision Point) or other component responsible for theevaluation can dynamically fetch more values from remote sources as theyare needed. A second example is the Axiomatics Language ForAuthorization™, which the applicant provides.

XACML-based solutions typically offer “authorization as a service”,wherein a PEP in a target application/system captures access requests inreal time and sends them to a PDP for evaluation against a currentversion of one or more XACML policies. Such externalized authorizationapproach ensures continuity in that it drastically reduces or eliminatesthe latency between an update of the policy and actual enforcement ofthe new rules therein.

A company may deploy a plurality of applications of ABAC policies inorder to separate the plurality of applications. The reasons forseparation of a deployment into a plurality of applications may berelated to confidentiality of the information in the differentapplications, e.g. between different units or sites of a company.Further, separation of applications may be related to stabilityconcerns, such that any malfunctions within one application do notaffect another application.

However, a deployment of an ABAC policy consumes information technology(IT) resources of a company. Hence, deployment of a plurality ofapplications may lead to large overhead costs in IT administration andmanagement. Further, the deployment of a plurality of applications mayconsume computing resources, mainly memory.

SUMMARY

It is an object of the invention to enable an improved administration ofABAC policies. It is a further object of the invention to enableisolation of different ABAC policies, while posing insignificantrequirements on IT administration resources and computing resources.

These and other objects of the invention are at least partly met by theinvention as defined in the independent claims. Preferred embodimentsare set out in the dependent claims.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a policydecision point (PDP) for interacting with a computer system comprising aplurality of resources, to which subjects' access is controlled bycorresponding policy enforcement points (PEPs), the PDP comprising: amemory configured to store at least two distinct policy packages, eachcontrolling access rights to one or more of the resources in thecomputer system, and a connection table associating each of said atleast two policy packages with one or more end point addresses; anetwork interface operable to communicate with at least two of the PEPs,wherein the network interface is arranged to obtain one or more accessrequests from a PEP and return one or more access decisions to arequesting PEP, each access request comprising an end point addressassociated with the PDP for directing the access request to the PDP; anda processor operable to: analyze an access request obtained by thenetwork interface and determine, based on the end point addressreceiving the access request, an associated one of said at least twopolicy packages; and evaluate the access request against the policypackage thus determined, thereby obtaining an access decision to bereturned to and enforced by the PEP.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided acomputer system, comprising: a plurality of resources; a plurality ofPEPs, corresponding to the plurality of resources for controllingsubjects' access to the resources; and at least one PDP according to thefirst aspect of the invention, the PDP being operable to communicatewith at least two of the PEPs.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a methodin a PDP for controlling a subject's access to a resource, the PDP beingarranged for interacting with a computer system comprising a pluralityof resources, to which subjects' access is controlled by correspondingPEPs, said method comprising: obtaining an access request from a PEPthrough an end point address of the PDP; analyzing the obtained accessrequest and determining, based on the end point address receiving theaccess request, an associated one of at least two policy packages storedby the PDP; and evaluating the access request against the policy packagethus determined, thereby obtaining an access decision to be returned toand enforced by the PEP.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided acomputer program product comprising a computer-readable medium withcomputer-readable instructions for performing the method of the thirdaspect.

Thus, a PDP may comprise at least two policy packages. Further, the PDPmay determine a policy package based on an end point address receivingan access request and the access request is then evaluated against thispolicy package. This implies that a single PDP may be used for handlingseveral policy packages and that it is possible for the PDP to separatebetween the policy packages so that a request from one applicationassociated with one policy package should not be affected by anymalfunctions within another policy package.

Further, a single PDP may be deployed for handling access requeststargeting several applications. This implies that the requirement set oncomputer resources and hardware capacity may be limited. Also, having asingle PDP ensures that deployment of a single server for managing andconfiguring the ABAC system, including the PDP, is sufficient. This mayseverely reduce the requirements on IT administration and managementresources.

As used herein, the term “policy package” should be construed as apackage that comprises at least one policy set, which each comprise atleast one policy, providing rules for mapping an access request to anaccess decision. The policy may refer to rules within a name space, suchthat a rule used by a plurality of policies needs only be completelydefined and stored once. Within a policy package, references maytherefore be made to common rules. The policy package may beadministered as a coherent unit, such that an administrator is able toaccess the policies within the coherent unit when configuring ormanaging the policy package. The policy package may further comprisereferences to external rules, not administered within the coherent unit.Two policy packages are considered distinct, when there are noreferences from the coherent unit of one policy package to rules withinthe coherent unit of the other policy package. Although not referring torules within each others' packages, the two policy packages may refer tocommon external rules. According to one embodiment, the two policypackages are completely separated by not referring to any common rules.

According to an embodiment, a unique policy package is associated toeach end point address. Hence, each request to an end point address willbe uniquely evaluated against the associated policy package. Thisimplies that the PDP may isolate handling of the at least two policypackages.

According to an embodiment, the processor being operable to analyze anaccess request comprises the processor being operable to extractinformation indicating an end point that received the access request.Hence, the processor may obtain the end point address of the end pointthat received the access request in order to determine an associatedpolicy package.

The information may be extracted from a header of the access request,wherein the header comprises the end point address. This implies thatthe processor need only read the header of the access request in orderto determine an associated policy package. Hence, the processor mayquickly determine the associated policy package.

In an embodiment, the end point address is a uniform resource identifier(URI). URIs are commonly used, e.g. as a uniform resource locator (URL)addressing a page on the World Wide Web and, therefore, almost anycomputer network will be able to handle a URI. The end point addressbeing a uniform resource identifier may thus facilitate that an accessrequest finds its way to the end point address during transfer of therequest over a computer network.

In an embodiment, the processor is further operable to determine adestination of the access decision based on information in the accessrequest. The access request may carry information to the PDP in order toenable an access decision to be properly returned to the PEP. Forinstance, the access request may include an address of the PEP that isto receive the access decision. Alternatively, the PDP and the PEP mayhave an established two-way network connection. In such case, the accessrequest need not include an address. Rather, the processor of the PDPmay determine a destination of the access decision based on informationof an identity of the PEP sending the access request.

In evaluating the access request against the policy package, values ofsuch attributes whose values are not explicit in the access request, yetnecessary to complete the evaluation of the access request, may beneeded. Therefore, the PDP may comprise an attribute connector that maybe operable to communicate with a data source, such as a database. Thedata source may provide information of values of attributes to theattribute connector, and the values may then be used in evaluating theaccess request. The PDP may comprise a plurality of attributeconnectors, which are each associated with a single policy package. Thisimplies that each attribute connector is used by a unique policy packageand that the attribute connectors are thereby separated within the PDP.Hence, handling of the policy packages is separated within the PDP, alsoas far as remote attribute value retrieval is concerned.

In an embodiment, the PDP further comprises at least one administrationend point address for receiving configuration settings of the PDP,wherein the PDP is arranged to allow changes to the policy packagesthrough the at least one administration end point address. By thisarchitecture, configuration of the policy packages is inherentlycontrolled in order to manage access to changing configuration of thepolicy packages.

In a further embodiment, an administrator's configuration access toconfiguration of the PDP is restricted by an administrator account toone policy package associated with one end point address. Hence, anadministrator may only access one policy package associated with theadministrator account of the administrator, which implies that thepolicy packages are truly separated. Thus, any mistakes by anadministrator in configuring a policy package will not affect thefunctionality of other policy packages of the PDP.

In yet a further embodiment, configuration settings controllingattribute connectors may also be received through the administration endpoint address. The administrator's configuration access to attributeconnectors may also be restricted by the administrator account toattribute connectors associated with the accessible policy package. Thisimplies that the administrator may only be allowed to configure onepolicy package with its associated attribute connectors at a time.

It is noted that the invention relates to all combinations of features,even if recited in mutually separate claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

These and other aspects of the present invention will now be describedin further detail, with reference to the appended drawings showingembodiment(s) of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating an access scenario in accordancewith an ABAC model.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a computer system equipped withauthorization services.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view illustrating an association of policypackages with end point addresses of a policy decision point.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method for controlling a subject's access toa resource.

Unless otherwise stated, the drawings show only such components orfeatures that are necessary to illustrate the example embodiments, whileother components may have been intentionally left out in the interest ofclarity. Further, like reference numerals refer to like elements on thedrawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which currently preferredembodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, beembodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limitedto the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments areprovided for thoroughness and completeness, to fully convey the scope ofthe invention to the skilled person.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example ABAC implementation and possible flows ofinformation when authorization services 200 process a subject's 100request to access a resource 110 by using or performing an operation onthe resource 110. The authorization services 200 include a policyenforcement point (PEP) 202, which selectively permits or prevents thesubject's 100 access to the resource 110, e.g. by selectively activatingand deactivating hardware or software protection means, and a policydecision point (PDP) 204. The access request is to be evaluated againstan ABAC policy in a policy repository 130, which is formed in a memoryin the PDP 204. The policy may be maintained from a policyadministration point (PAP) 206. The PDP 204 may be configured toretrieve necessary information describing the ABAC policy from itsinternal repository 130. From a policy information point (PIP) 208, thePDP 204 may request any such values of policy attributes that aremissing from the initial access request but necessary to evaluate therequest against the policy. In turn, the PIP 208 may request thesevalues from an attribute repository 140-150 storing values of subject,resource, and operation attributes (in this sense, the repository may beseen as an entity combining the functionalities of the data sources 140and 150 in FIG. 1 and has been labelled accordingly) and/or from anenvironment conditions repository 160. The evaluation of the accessrequest may then complete, and a decision may be returned to the subject100. If the decision is permissive, the PEP 202 grants access to theresource 110, as requested.

A computer system may comprise a plurality of resources 110 to whichaccess is to be controlled. A plurality of PEPs 202 may be arranged toenforce access control to the plurality of resources 110. The pluralityof PEPs 202 may be arranged to communicate with a single PDP 204 inorder to obtain access decisions. For brevity, the below description ismainly given in relation to one PEP 202 enforcing access to one resource110.

The subject 100 may be a human user requesting access to a resource 110.For instance, a person may try to access a file in a computer system, ora physical resource, such as an entrance door with a network-connected,automatically controlled lock. The subject 100 may be identified in thecomputer system e.g. by means of a user account, which the person islogged on to, or an identifier obtained through an access card appliedto a reader connected to the computer system. The subject 100 mayalternatively be a non-human entity, such as a computer program beingexecuted in the computer system, which requests access to a resource 110in the computer system independently of direct user interaction.

In an example embodiment, the computer system is one or more of thefollowing: a general-purpose file management system; a documentmanagement system; a content management system, a financial system; acommunications system; an industrial control system; an administrativesystem; an enterprise system; a simulations system; a computationalsystem; an entertainment system, an educational system; a defencesystem. In an example embodiment, the resources 110 in the computersystem are one or more of the following: devices, files, records,tables, processes, programs, networks, domains containing or receivinginformation.

A PEP 202 may be connected to a resource 110, such that when a subject100 requests access to the resource 110, the corresponding PEP 202 isactivated.

The PEP 202 may be implemented in software, hardware, or as anycombination of software and hardware. The PEP 202 may, for instance, beimplemented as software being executed on a general-purpose computer, asfirmware arranged e.g. in an embedded system, or as a specificallydesigned processing unit, such as an Application-Specific IntegratedCircuit (ASIC) or a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).

In a particular embodiment, the PEP 202 may be a process that is run ona server in the computer system. When a subject 100 requests access toe.g. a file in the computer system, the PEP 202 may be activated inorder to start a process to determine whether access is to be permitted.

In another embodiment, the PEP 202 may be a process that is run on aprocessor, which may be co-located with the resource 110. For instance,if the resource 110 is an entrance, which may be opened only on apermitted access request, the PEP 202 may be run on a processor locatedat the entrance. Such a localized processor may be connected to thecomputer system in order to transfer access requests from the PEP 202 toa PDP 204.

The PDP 204 may comprise a processor 210, which is configured to run aprocess for analyzing and evaluating an acess request. The processor 210may be any type of processor that is able to execute computerinstructions, such as a processor on a general-purpose computer, or aspecifically designed processing unit, such as an Application-SpecificIntegrated Circuit (ASIC) or a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).

In an embodiment, the PDP 204 may be implemented in a server in thecomputer system. In another embodiment, the PDP 204 may be implementedin a local processor with associated memory, which may be co-locatedwith the resource 110.

The PDP 204 may further comprise a network interface 212, which isoperable to communicate with the PEP 202. The PDP 204 may thus receiveaccess requests from the PEP 202 through the network interface 212 andmay return access decisions to the PEP 202 through the network interface212. The network interface 212 may define one or more end pointaddresses 302 a-c, forming a contact point for communication between thePDP 204 and the PEP 202.

The network interface 212 may be implemented as a process controllingnetwork communication, which is run on the processor 210. The networkinterface 212 may alternatively be implemented as hardware for receivingand sending signals in the computer system with corresponding softwarefor controlling such hardware.

The PDP 204 may further comprise a memory 130, which stores a policypackage against which an access request is to be evaluated. The memory130 may be implemented as any type of storage for storing information,such as any type of hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-onlymemory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory(EEPROM), or a flash memory.

The memory 130 of the PDP 204 may be provided separate from theprocessor 210, such that the memory 130 and the processor 210 may e.g.be provided in two different physical computer units. However, thecombination of the memory 130 and the processor 210 may still beconsidered to be included in the PDP 204.

In an example embodiment, the ABAC policy or policies which the PDP 204evaluates is encoded using a markup language. Suitable examples includethe following: XML; XACML of the latest standardized version released atthe original filing date of the present disclosure, or a future versionthat is backwards compatible with respect to the applicable standardizedXACML version; Axiomatics Language for Authorization™ available from theapplicant.

The processor 210 is connected to the memory 130 such that the processor210 may access the memory 130 for loading the policy package when anaccess request is to be evaluated. A policy package may comprise aplurality of policies, which policies may provide rules for handlingaccess requests to different types of resources 110. The policy packagemay be administered as a coherent unit, such that an administrator isable to access the policies within the coherent unit when configuring ormanaging the policy package. Within a policy package, the plurality ofpolicies may refer to common rules, such that a rule needs only to becompletely defined and stored once. Also, a policy package may refer toexternal rules, which may not be administered within the coherent unit.

When the processor 210 of the PDP 204 receives an access request, theprocessor 210 accesses the memory 130 in order to fetch the relevantpolicy. The processor 210 will then evaluate the access request againstthe policy in order to reach an access decision (or an indication thatthe request has not returned a decision).

In order to evaluate the access request, the processor 210 usesattributes assigned to the subject 100. The access request may comprisevalues of the attributes. However, some values may not be directly knownto the PEP 202. Hence, the access request may comprise information aboutthe subject 100 that allows the values of the attributes to bedetermined.

The PDP 204 may further comprise attribute connectors 214, which may bearranged to request values of attributes. An attribute connector 214 maybe implemented as a process, which may call a PIP 208. The attributeconnector 214 may be set up as a number of rules for creating such callsto the PIP 208. Based on a call from the attribute connector 214, thePIP 208 may request the values of attributes from an attributerepository 140-150 and/or from an environment conditions repository 160.A plurality of attribute connectors 214 may be associated with thepolicy package, e.g. for fetching information of different types ofattributes.

As an example, an access request may comprise an identifier of a subject100 requesting access to a resource 110. An attribute connector 214 maysend the identifier in a request to a PIP 208 in order to obtain a valueof an attribute associated with a property or characteristic of thesubject 100. The PIP 208 may then request a value of an attribute from,say, a human resource database within the computer system, in whichdatabase the identifier of the subject 100 is associated with thesubject's position within the organization. Hence, a value of anorganizational position attribute, which is retrieved in the database byusing the subject identifier attribute as key, may be returned to thePDP 204 through the PIP 208 and the attribute connector 214.

The attribute repositories 140-150 and the environment conditionsrepository 160 may form data sources that could be separately managed.Although the information in the data sources may have a decisive impacton an access decision, its maintenance and updating need not beprimarily associated with managing authorizations. Rather, informationthat is needed to be stored anyway, such as HR, building, computerhardware and other information within an organization, may be stored ina data source and may also be used by the authorization services 200 forobtaining values of attributes.

The processor 210 of the PDP 204 may be configured to evaluate theaccess request against the relevant policy, using the determined valuesof attributes. The processor 210 may thus determine whether access tothe resource 110 is to be permitted. If the processor 210 is able todetermine that access to the resource 110 is to be permitted, theprocessor 210 may output an access decision that permits access.Otherwise, the processor 210 may output an access decision that deniesaccess. A policy encoded with XACML may output a value of the accessdecision as one of Permit, Deny, Not Applicable, or Indeterminate.

The PDP 204 may return the access decision to the PEP 202 for enforcingthe decision. If access is to be permitted, the PEP 202 may e.g.selectively deactivate a hardware or software protection means such thatthe subject 100 may access the resource 110. This may imply that thesubject 100 is able to perform an operation, such as read, write, edit,delete, copy, execute and modify, on a data object, such as a file,record, table, process, or program. Alternatively, the deactivation ofprotection means may e.g. imply that a signal is transmitted to amechanical lock for allowing a door to be opened.

In the present example, the network interface 212 of the PDP 204 furtherdefines at least one administration end point address 302 d in order tofacilitate communication between the PDP 204 and the PAP 206. The PAP206 may access a policy package in the memory 130 through thecommunication via the administration end point address with the networkinterface 212 in order to allow configuration of the policy package. Anadministrator's configuration access to configuration of the PDP 204 maybe restricted in relation to the administrator account used foraccessing the PDP 204 through the PAP 206.

The PAP 206 may provide a user interface allowing an administrator toconfigure and administer the policy package maintained in the PDP 204.The administrator may log on to the PAP 206 using an administratoraccount, which may be used as input for restricting access toconfiguration of the PDP 204. The PAP 206 may be implemented as puresoftware, or a combination of software and hardware. The PAP 206 may,for instance, be implemented as a software being executed on ageneral-purpose computer or as firmware arranged e.g. in an embeddedsystem providing a processor. The PAP 206 may provide a process forenabling an administrator to add or remove policies or change theconfiguration of a policy package.

The PAP 206 may also access attribute connectors 214 of the PDP 204 inorder to configure the attribute connectors 214. For instance, theconnection to data sources via the PIP 208 may be configured or rulescontrolling how values of the attributes are to be fetched may beconfigured, e.g. from what source, using what query language.

The PDP 204 may store a plurality of distinct policy packages, at leasttwo, in the memory 130. Two policy packages are considered distinct,when there are no references from the coherent unit of one policypackage to rules within the coherent unit of the other policy package.These distinct policy packages may be handled separately within the PDP204. This implies that the PDP 204 may support PEPs 202 of completelydifferent applications within the computer system, without the operationof one policy package affecting other policy packages.

A computer system may be used by a number of different applications andusers, which have different requirements. For instance, the computersystem may be used in support or running of an industrial process of acompany. The computer system may also be used for managing a financesystem of the company. It may therefore be important that anymalfunctions or problems within one application do not affect anotherapplication in the computer system. For instance, the control ofaccesses within the running of an industrial process should not beaffected by any disruptions within the finance system.

Thanks to the PDP's 204 storing a plurality of distinct policy packagesand separately handling these policy packages, a plurality ofapplications within a computer system may be managed by the same PDP 204without a risk of problems within one application using one policypackage propagating to other applications using other policy packages.Hence, there is no need for deploying a plurality of authorizationservices 200 with respective PDPs in order to separate the applicationsfrom each other. Rather, the handling of the applications may beperformed separately within a PDP 204 of the authorization services 200.

As further illustrated in FIG. 3, the first network interface 212 of thePDP 204 may be configured with a plurality of end point addresses 302a-c. The memory 130 of the PDP 204 may further comprise a connectiontable 304, which associates each of the plurality of policy packageswith one or more of the end point addresses 302 a-c. The connectiontable 304 may associate a unique policy package to each end pointaddress 302 a-c.

The end point address 302 a-c may be a uniform resource identifier(URI), such as a uniform resource locator (URL). The end point address302 a-c being an URL facilitates that an access request finds its way tothe end point address 302 a-c during transfer of the request in thecomputer system.

A PEP 202 may be set up to send access requests to one specific endpoint address 302 a, 302 b or 302 c of the PDP 204. The PEP 202 willthus always communicate with the PDP 204 through the set-up end pointaddress. Upon set-up of the authorization services 200, two-waycommunication between the PDP 204 and the PEP 202 may be established,such that the PDP 204 will also know a destination address of messagesto be sent to the PEP 202.

When receiving an access request through one of the end point pointaddresses 302 a-c, the corresponding policy package associated with theend point address 302 a-c may be determined from the connection table304. Hence, the correct policy package related to the requesting PEP 204will always be used.

The PDP 204 may also comprise a plurality of sets of attributeconnectors 214. Each set of attribute connectors 214 may be associatedto a unique policy package, such that the sets of attribute connectors214 are separated from each other. Hence, the fetching of values ofattributes via the PIP 208 will be separately controlled by a unique setof attribute connectors 214 for each policy package. This furtherensures separation of the handling of access requests for differentapplications.

The administration of the policy packages and the sets of attributeconnectors 214 may also be separated. The PDP 204 may only allow accessto a single policy package and its associated set of attributeconnectors 214 at a time. An administrator account of the PAP 206 may beassociated with a single policy package, such that another administratoraccount needs to be used if another policy package is to beadministered. Hence, administration of different policy packages may beseparated to different users and associated with their respectiveadministrator accounts.

Alternatively, separate instances of the PAP 206 may be arranged tocommunicate with different administration end point addresses, and eachpolicy package may be associated with an administration end pointaddress for restricting configuration access to the policy packagethrough the administration end point address on which communication tothe PDP 204 is established. As a further alternative, only a singlepolicy package may be able to be administered during a single session ofcommunication between the PAP 206 and the PDP 204. Hence, if two policypackages are to be administered, two separate sessions of the PAP 206contacting the PDP 204 needs to be used.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a method 400 of handling an access request willbe described. A PEP 202 identifies that a subject 100 desires access toa resource 110. The PEP 202 then generates and sends an access requestto the specific end point address 302 a-c, which is pre-defined in theset-up of the PEP 202. The PDP 204 receives the access request at theend point address 302 a-c, step 402. The access request is transferredto the processor 210 of the PDP 204.

The processor 210 analyzes the access request, step 404. First, theprocessor 210 determines an end point address 302 a-c that received theaccess request. This may be determined by means of the transfer of theaccess request from the end point address 302 a-c to the processor 210signalling which end point address 302 a-c received the access request.Alternatively, the processor 210 may extract information from the accessrequest indicating the end point address 302 a-c. For instance, the endpoint address 302 a-c may be extracted from a header of the accessrequest.

The processor 210 makes a look-up in the connection table 304 in orderto find the policy package that is associated with the end point address302 a-c that received the access request, step 406. The processor 210then establishes access to the correct policy package.

The processor 210 determines which policy in the policy package that theaccess request should be evaluated against. This may depend on theresource 110 to which access is requested. The processor 210 thendetermines which attributes that will be used in the evaluation of thepolicy. If values of any of these attributes are not available, anattribute connector 214 is triggered to request the values of theattributes, step 408. The attribute connector 214 sends a correspondingrequest to the PIP 208, which forwards a request to obtain the values ofthe attributes to the corresponding data source(s), such as theattribute repositories 140-150 or the environment conditions repository160. The thus obtained values of the attributes are returned to theprocessor 210.

Once the access request, the policy and the values of the necessaryattributes are available to the processor 210, the processor 210 mayevaluate the access request against the policy, step 410. The evaluationof the access request may even be commenced before all values ofnecessary attributes are available, such that the processor 210 mayperform the evaluation step 410 at least partly in parallel with valuesof attributes being obtained in step 408. The policy may be a logicalfunction, which maps a set of values of attributes to an accessdecision. Hence, providing the access request and the set of values ofattributes as input, the evaluation will return an access decision, step412, which may be permission or denial of access to the resource 110.

The processor determines a destination address of the access decision.This may be performed by extracting the destination address from theaccess request or by a two-way communication with the requesting PEP 202being established, such that the destination address is known to theprocessor 210. The processor 210 then transmits the access decision tothe PEP 202 via the first network interface 212, step 414.

The PEP 202 receives the access decision and enforces the decision, step416. If the access decision is to permit access to the resource 110, thePEP 202 may deactivate a hardware or software protection means so as toallow the subject 100 access to the resource 110.

A computer program product may comprise computer-readable instructionsfor controlling the processor 210 to perform the method of controlling asubject's access to a resource as described above. The computer programproduct may be distributed on computer readable media, which maycomprise computer storage media (or non-transitory media) andcommunication media (or transitory media). As is well known to a personskilled in the art, the term computer storage media includes bothvolatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implementedin any method or technology for storage of information such as computerreadable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data.Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM,EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digitalversatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices,or any other medium which can be used to store the desired informationand which can be accessed by a computer. Further, it is well known tothe skilled person that communication media typically embodies computerreadable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data ina modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transportmechanism and includes any information delivery media.

Even though the present disclosure describes and depicts specificexample embodiments, the invention is not restricted to these specificexamples. Modifications and variations to the above example embodimentscan be made without departing from the scope of the invention, which isdefined by the accompanying claims only.

In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements orsteps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude aplurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutuallydifferent dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of thesemeasures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs appearing inthe claims are not to be understood as limiting their scope.

1-13. (canceled)
 14. A server device comprising a policy decision point(PDP), arranged for interacting with a computer system comprising aplurality of resources, to which subjects' access is controlled bycorresponding policy enforcement points (PEPs), the PDP being configuredto: obtain an access request from a PEP through an end point address ofthe PDP; analyze the obtained access request and determine, based on theend point address receiving the access request, an associated one of atleast two policy packages stored by the PDP; and evaluate the accessrequest against the policy package thus determined, thereby obtaining anaccess decision to be returned to and enforced by the PEP.
 15. The PDPof claim 14, comprising: a memory configured to store at least twodistinct policy packages, each controlling access rights to one or moreof the resources in the computer system, and a connection tableassociating each of said at least two policy packages with one or moreend point addresses; a network interface operable to communicate with atleast two of the PEPs, wherein the network interface is arranged toobtain one or more access requests from a PEP and return one or moreaccess decisions to a requesting PEP, each access request comprising anend point address associated with the PDP for directing the accessrequest to the PDP; and a processor operable to: analyze an accessrequest obtained by the network interface and determine, based on theend point address receiving the access request, an associated one ofsaid at least two policy packages; and evaluate the access requestagainst the policy package thus determined, thereby obtaining an accessdecision to be returned to and enforced by the PEP.
 16. The PDPaccording to claim 15, wherein the connection table associates a uniquepolicy package to each end point address.
 17. The PDP according to claim15, wherein the processor being operable to analyze an access requestcomprises the processor being operable to extract information indicatingan end point address that received the access request.
 18. The PDPaccording to claim 17, wherein the information is extracted from aheader of the access request, wherein the header comprises the end pointaddress.
 19. The PDP according to claim 14, wherein the end pointaddress is a uniform resource identifier, URI.
 20. The PDP according toclaim 15, wherein the processor is further operable to determine adestination of the access decision based on information in the accessrequest.
 21. The PDP according to claim 14, further comprising at leasttwo attribute connectors, each being associated with a single policypackage and each being operable to communicate with a data sourceproviding values of attributes to be used in evaluating the accessrequest against the policy package.
 22. The PDP according to claim 14,further comprising at least one administration end point address forreceiving configuration settings of the PDP, wherein the PDP is arrangedto allow changes to the policy packages through the at least oneadministration end point address.
 23. The PDP according to claim 22,wherein an administrator's configuration access to configuration of thePDP is restricted by an administrator account to one policy packageassociated with one end point address.
 24. The PDP according to claim23, wherein an administrator's configuration access to attributeconnectors is restricted by the administrator account to attributeconnectors associated with an accessible policy package.
 25. A method ina policy decision point (PDP), for controlling a subject's access to aresource, the PDP being arranged for interacting with a computer systemcomprising a plurality of resources, to which subjects' access iscontrolled by corresponding policy enforcement points (PEPs) said methodcomprising: obtaining an access request from a PEP through an end pointaddress of the PDP; analyzing the obtained access request anddetermining, based on the end point address receiving the accessrequest, an associated one of at least two policy packages stored by thePDP; and evaluating the access request against the policy package thusdetermined, thereby obtaining an access decision to be returned to andenforced by the PEP.
 26. A computer program product comprising anon-transitory computer-readable medium with computer-readableinstructions for performing a method in a policy decision point (PDP)for controlling a subject's access to a resource, the PDP being arrangedfor interacting with a computer system comprising a plurality ofresources, to which subjects' access is controlled by correspondingpolicy enforcement points (PEPs), said method comprising: obtaining anaccess request from a PEP through an end point address of a plurality ofend point address of the PDP; analyzing the obtained access request anddetermining, based on the end point address receiving the accessrequest, an associated one of at least two policy packages stored by thePDP; and evaluating the access request against the policy package thusdetermined, thereby obtaining an access decision to be returned to andenforced by the PEP.